Table 3 RiskScape’s damage state scale for all hazards, with details provided for volcanic hazards
From: Evaluating the impacts of volcanic eruptions using RiskScape
| RiskScape building damage state | Short description | Generic hazard description | Edifice | Lahar | Lava | PDC | Tephra |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D0 | No damage |
No damage No edifice | No damage |
No damage No lava flow inundation | No damage |
No damage No noticeable ashfall | |
| D1 | Minor |
Flood, tsunami, wind, volcanic hazards: Non-structural damage only Earthquake and liquefaction hazards: Some non-structural damage; few structural damage | None |
Infiltration into building under door and through gaps, e.g. cracks or ventilation grills, not produced by lahar Damage to contents of building Window and door glass failure Deposition of sediment inside building | N/A |
External burn damage to buildings Window panes break; Ash infiltration Heat damage in localised parts of building Aluminium window and door frames damaged or destroyed |
Clean-up required Potential damage to gutters, roof coverings, and overhangs Potential abrasion and corrosion of metallic roofs Ash infiltrations may damage fittings such as HVAC and appliances; Interior requires cleaning, repainting, and/or overhaul of electrical systems No damage to principle roofing supports |
| D2 | Moderate |
Flood, tsunami, wind, volcanic hazards: Onset of structural damage Earthquake and liquefaction hazards: Much structural damage; some structural damage of <10% capacity reduction | N/A | Door and window frame failure | N/A |
Implosion of windows and door frames on volcano side Fire due to contents combustion Roof damaged by heat flow or burned |
Damage to roof structure, may include damage to purlins Some damage to walls possible Collapse of part of ceiling |
| D3 | Major |
Flood, tsunami, wind, volcanic hazards: Not applicable Earthquake and liquefaction hazards: Most non-structural damage at one or more floor levels; much structural damage with 10–30% capacity reduction | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| D4 | Severe |
Flood, tsunami, wind, volcanic hazards: Severe structural damage: e.g., partial structural collapse; building partially removed or overturned Earthquake and liquefaction hazards: Near all non-structural system damaged; most structural system damaged with 30–60% capacity reduction | N/A |
Loss of parts of external and/or internal walls and infill panels Burial by sediment Considerable internal deposits | N/A |
Loss of parts of external and/or internal walls Large single or multiple small missile impacts Most or all roof missing from fire or lifting off |
Roof collapse and extensive damage to rest of the building Failure of roof trusses and supporting structure At least half of the external walls and/or internal walls deformed or collapsed For two-storey buildings, collapse of external and internal walls of upper floor Plumbing and other services may be damaged |
| D5 | Destroyed |
Flood, tsunami, wind, volcanic hazards: Comprehensive structural damage: e.g., complete/near-complete structural collapse; building removed or overturned Earthquake and liquefaction hazards: Partial collapse in some cases with >60% capacity reduction | Edifice destroys building and land |
Wall, frame, roof or foundation failure Burial by sediment |
Lava inundation Building may be burnt, surrounded, or inundated by lava, depending on material properties. |
Walls removed, only parts or none of the structure still standing Complete devastation from heat |
Collapse of roof and supporting external walls over more than 50% of floor area of building External walls may be destabilised; Internal walls collapsed; Damage to floor and/or foundation |
| Reference | Jenkins et al. (2015) | Baxter et al. (2005); Blong (2003) | Jenkins et al. (2014a, b) |