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Table 1 Ranges of eruption source parameters required for Tephra2 were derived from literature on the 2014 eruption and used to inform ranges for optimisation during inversion. Parameters with ‘n.a’ (not applicable), are those whose values were determined from inversion optimisation rather than from available literature on the Kelud 2014 eruption.a = Kristiansen et al. (2015), b = Maeno et al. (2019a), c = Goode et al. (2018)

From: Remotely assessing tephra fall building damage and vulnerability: Kelud Volcano, Indonesia

  Ranges from literature Inversion optimisation range Optimised value
Plume height (km a.s.l.) 18 - 26a 18–26 21.4
Tephra mass (1010 kg) 38 - 66b 10–100 68.8
Median particle size (phi) -3 – 1b,c -3 - 1 0.88
Phi standard deviation 1 – 3b,c 1–3 1.04
Diffusion coefficient (m s2) n.a. 0.0001–10,000 8155
Fall time threshold (s) n.a. 0.001–10,000 9712
Plume profile (α) n.a. 3 3
Plume profile (β) n.a. 0.001–3 2.97